Petroleum Processing

In petroleum processing involves two main processes, namely:
1. The process of separation
2. The process of conversion
Refining process (refines) first of all is to change the component
oil into fractions which sells a few types of distillation.
Some chemical treatments and heating is carried out to improve the quality
of crude oil derived products. For example in 1912 the demand
gasoline exceeds supply and to meet the demand then used
process of "warming" and "pressure" is high to change the fraction that is not
expected. Large molecules into smaller ones in the gasoline boiling point range,
This process is called cracking.

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Kerosene

Kerosene Use Kerosene as lighting in the developed countries increasingly reduced, now Kerosene used to heat. Use of the most important from Kerosene include:

1. Oil Lamps Kerosene as lamp oil is produced by direct distillation, the properties that must be considered when kerosene is used as lamp oil is:

* Color There are various grades of kerosene color: - Water spirit (colorless) - Prime spirit - Standard spirit
In India, users in the interior do not want to buy kerosene and white thinking This is the water and thought only of yellow or brown only that can burn well.

* Nature of fuel Kerosene flame depends on the chemical composition of petroleum: - If it contains many aromatic then the fire can not be raised because sulfur fire started. - Alkane has the best flame. - The nature of fuel napthen located between the aromatic and alkane.

* Viscosity Oil flow to the lamp axis Kerosene due to capillary forces in narrow channels between the fibers axis. Kerosene flow depends on the viscosity of viscous liquid that is if the oil and lamp has a large high-rise then the flame will remain low and axis into charcoal (burnt) because of lack of oil.

* Levels of sulfur Just as the sulfur content in gasoline.

2. Fuel for heating for cooking Various kinds of kerosene burner: - Tool burners with flat axes: It smells bad. - Tool burners with round axis: filling the air which has centered. - Tool burner with carburetion press: trademark primus

3. Motor fuel Motors which use kerosene as a fuel are: - The tools of agriculture (tractors). - Fishing vessels. - Aircraft of small electric lighting.
This motor in addition to having a carburetor also has a vaporizer to kerosene. This course begins with motor gasoline and kerosene followed by if the vaporizer is hot enough. This motor will run well when high aromatic content in gasoline.

4. Pelart for bituminous materials Kerosene type of white spirit is often used as a solvent for bitumen asphalt.

5. Solvent for insecticide Insect powder made from the flowers Chrysant (Pyerlhrum cinerarieotollum) that has been drained and mashed, as solvents used kerosene. For this purpose Kerosene must have a good smell or drug normally spray it contain fragrances

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Never Imagined

Construction of tankers in the picture beside. give an explanation to us how that weighs thousands of tons of oil transported to the export or import to various countries by using a tanker. you never imagined how the weight of the ship. and you have never imagined how the oil if it is sent by air or by land with a very large payload.

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Gasoline

Gasoline can be made in several ways, among others;
1. Straight distillation of crude oil (straight run gasoline), where quality
depending on the chemical composition of the ingredients. if contains
many aromatic-aromatic and-naphten napthen will produce gasoline that
do not knock (anti-knocking).
 
2. Merengkah (cracking) of the results of heavy oil, such as from oil
gas and residue.
 
3. Merengkah (retor ming) of gasoline by weight of poorer quality.
 
4. Synthesis of low-carbon substances.
 
Gasoline is typically used as:
1. Motor fuel
As a motor fuel noted there are several properties for
determine whether or not gasoline.
 
* The state fly (dew point)
Interference caused by the presence of gas bubbles in
carburetor of a motor caused by an unusually high level
of the fractions are very mild in gasoline. This is mainly due to the
excessive number of propane and butane from the gasoline. Gelembunggelembung
gas contained in certain circumstances can close the holes
perecik narrow and fueling stops.

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CarbonBlack

Carbon black
Carbon black is the charcoal must be made ​​by
Incomplete combustion. Its use, among others as:
- Materials in the manufacture of paints, printing inks and ink Gina.
- Substance filler in rubber, especially in the manufacture of tires and bicycles.
Carbon black is made with a gas flame into a field
flat-cooled, charcoal is formed and then separated from the field
and divided by subtlety. Methane containing 75% carbon will
produce 4 or 4.5% of black substance and the rest is lost as smog, acid
charcoal and so on.

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Gas fraction

Natural gas can be acquired separately or together with
petroleum. Natural gas consists mainly of low-carbon chain alkanes
which include methane, ethane, propane, butane and iso-butane. Natural gas can
used as:
1. Household fuel or plant
Natural gas is the cleanest fuel and practical, but gas
nature has its ugliness is not berbaun (when compared
with gas from coal) so that accidents often occur because of leaks. by
So sometimes the gas is given a "smell" the smell is very little substance.
Propane is one of the gas fraction at the company usually
used as:
 
- Welding alloys of copper, aluminum and magnesium.
- Welding cast iron.
- Soldering and welding solder.
- Spray Jogam.
- Cutting metal with a carbide gas.
- Lighting pantai.Butana used in the household as:
- Heating.
- Lighting.
- Use in the kitchen.
 
Butane has a smaller explosive limits when compared with propane.

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Petroleum industry's top 9 in the World

I will give you the information I get to the order of the petroleum industry's top 9 in the world. The first rank is held by Shell (Netherlands). Second Exxon Mobil (United State), BP third, fourth Chevron (U.S.), fifth TOTAL (France), sixth (Russia), seventh PetroChina (China), Petrobras-Petroleo Brasil eighth (Brazil), ninth Sinopec-China Petroleum (China). of the top nine oil industry may be able to contribute energy in the world because then the world will not lack energy and the users should be aware of the limitations of energy in this world for the future that will be good.

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I hope

I hope the world's oil companies can provide the best for the continuity of the citizens of this world as a never-ending exploration of nature makes it more natural, warm, unusual weather like this, like I want to go back to 12 years old I was. where trees, fog, water, and the coolness that makes this body feel fresh and healthy. I missed at my age at the time .. give the best for us.

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Sinopec-China Petroleum (China)

10 Sinopec-China Petroleum (China)
Sales: 154.28 Profits: 7.43 Assets: 100.41 Market value: 93.50

Our final company is a mere infant compared to other names on this list. However, even though it is a youngster it is still a force to be reckoned with. Sinopec’s  business interests cover the whole spectrum of the oil and gas industry.

Fact: The company opened the first drive-through petrol station and fast-food restaurant in China in 2007. Hopefully the restaurant enforces a strict no-smoking policy.

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Petrobras-Petróleo Brasil (Brazil)

9 Petrobras-Petróleo Brasil (Brazil)
Sales: 92.08 Profits: 14.12 Assets: 120.68 Market value: 110.97

This huge semi-public company was the brainchild of the controversial Brazilian president Getúlio Vargas. Petrobras has interests in most areas of the hydrocarbons industry, but is a true world leader in the development of technology for deep-water and ultra-deep water oil production.

Fact 1: To continue the football sponsorship theme, Petrobras sponsor Flamengo in Brazil and River Plate in Argentina. They also sponsor the Williams Formula 1 team and numerous arts and cultural projects.
Fact 2: Petrobras is the main supporter of whale conservation and research through the Brazilian Right Whale Project and the Instituto Baleia Jubarte (Brazilian Humpback Whale Institute).

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ENI (Italy)

8. ENI (Italy)
Sales: 158.32 Profits: 12.91 Assets: 278.44 Market value: 135.10

Italy’s largest industrial company has interests across the hydrocarbons industry and produces around 1.7 million barrels per day of oil equivalent. The Italian government still has a 38% golden share in the company and has come under criticism from other members of the European Union for the over zealous exercising of its power of veto.

Fact: AGIP, a subsidiary of Eni managed to break the monopoly of the major oil companies in the 1950s by offering the producer countries a contract where they received a share of the profits.

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PetroChina (China)

7. PetroChina (China)
Sales: 114.32 Profits: 19.94 Assets: 145.14 Market value: 270.56

Established in 1999, PetroChina is Asia’s biggest company and mainland China’s largest oil producer. The company is the stock market listed arm of the state owned energy giant China National Petroleum and enjoys a near duopoly in the Chinese market with Sinopec. The company is the highest placed Chinese company on the list. In fact with a market value of $270.56 billion (only bettered by ExxonMobil) PetroChina may well be disappointed only to finish in 14th place on the full Forbes list.

Fact: The market value of  PetroChina tripled when it first appeared on the Shanghai index. Thus the company became the first in history to have market capitalisation of one trillion US dollars.

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Gazprom (Russia)

6. Gazprom (Russia)
Sales: 97.29 Profits: 26.78 Assets: 276.81 Market value: 74.55

The labyrinthine workings of the Russian energy behemoth makes the Forbes judging criteria look like child’s play. Gazprom is the largest provider of natural gas in the world (or as the people of the Ukraine would tell you, the largest non-provider). With 16% of the world’s gas reserves as well as being involved in various projects across the globe, Gazprom finished a creditable sixth on our list.

However after Russia cut off supplies to Ukraine in January many other countries experienced disruptions in supply and as a result many of Russia’s neighbours are starting to look to other countries to supply them with their gas. Great news for Qatar, not so great for Gazprom.

Fact 1: The European Union gets around  25% of its gas from the company.
Fact 2: The company sponsors two football teams – Zenit St Petersburg in Russia and Schalke 04 in Germany.

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Total (France)

5. Total (France)   
Sales: 223.15 Profits: 14.74 Assets: 164.66 Market value: 112.90

To give you an idea of how the big oil and gas companies dominated the main Forbes list,  the French energy giant finished in a lofty 11th place overall but could still only manage fifth on the oil and gas list. Another ‘supermajor’, the company has its headquarters in Paris, operates in more than 130 countries and has over 96,400 employees.

Fact: In typical French style, the company was founded after a partnership offer from Royal Dutch Shell was abruptly rejected by the French government after World War I.

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Chevron

4. Chevron (United States)
Sales: 255.11 Profits: 23.93 Assets: 161.17 Market value: 121.70

The California-based ‘supermajor’ is another ‘baby’ Standard and was originally known as Standard Oil of California. The company has interests in over 180 countries and has  numerous joint venture projects in the Middle East.

Fact: When the company was known as Standard Oil of California, a subsidiary, California-Arabian Standard Oil Company, was responsible for finding the world’s largest oilfield, the Ghawar field in Saudi Arabia. The subsidiary evolved into the Arabian American Oil Company (Aramco) and was eventually entirely owned by Saudi Arabia and was renamed Saudi Aramco. Saudi Aramco is the largest oil company of any kind in the world and has a staggering 25% of the world's oil reserves at its disposal.

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BP

3. BP (United Kingdom)   
Sales: 361.14 Profits: 21.16 Assets: 228.24 Market value: 119.70

The British company has maybe the most interesting history on the list. The initial incarnation of BP was granted a concession by the Shah of Iran in 1901 to search for oil. Seven years later the company made the first significant discovery in the Middle East.
The 70 years that the company remained in Iran were full of political intrigue and included bogus claims of communism, military coups and the eventual renationalising of BP’s assets (with no compensation being paid to the company) by Ayatollah Khomeini. 
The company is now just your boring, average, everyday energy giant. Okay, maybe it’s a little bit above average.

Fact: During the company’s privatisation in the 1980s, the Kuwaiti government tried to buy a controlling stake in the company. The move was blocked after major opposition in the UK’s parliament.

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ExxonMobil (United States)

2. (4) ExxonMobil (United States)
 
Sales: 425.70 Profits: 45.22 Assets: 228.05 Market value: 335.54

Were it not for the vagaries of Forbes’s judging criteria the American energy giant would be number one on both lists. In fact why ExxonMobil is not the top company is anyone’s guess. What else does it have to do?

The company shouldn’t lose too much sleep over it. If there was a list for the companies least affected by the current economic downturn it would take something very special (or Forbes-like vague judging criteria) to knock ExxonMobil off the top spot. The company’s CEO, Rex Tillerson, recently stated that the company had no plans for any job cuts and had a massive $129 billion dollars to invest in the next five years.

Fact: Both Exxon and Mobil are direct descendents of the early oil giant Standard Oil. When the company was forced to split into smaller entities Jersey Standard was the initial name of Exxon and Standard Oil Company of New York (Socony) was the initial name of Mobil. If Standard Oil was still trading today then it would quite easily be worth in excess of $1 trillion.

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Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands)

Royal Dutch Shell (Netherlands)

Sales: 278.19 Profits: 12.52 Assets: 287.64 Market value: 168.63
Europe’s largest oil company posted an amazing 90% increase in earnings for 2010 and it looks like a strong fourth quarter 2010 oil price rally which hovered around US$90 helped it to end the year US$18.6 billion better off.
At the time of the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, CEO Pete Voser did voice concern over how it could affect the industry, suggesting that it could significantly impact offshore operations, resulting in potentially more regulation and higher costs.
The wholesale sell off of some $30 billion worth of assets put in motion by Voser in the wake of the recession and as part of the its monumental streamlining, certainly didn’t hurt the Dutch oil major.
An improvement in production activities - most notably the world’s first offshore gas production at the Qatargas 4 LNG facility – continue to pave the way for Shell to achieve its 11% increase in oil and gas production by 2012.

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Oil Prices Hit Aviation Industry

The increase in world oil prices post-political turmoil in several oil-producing countries in the Middle East in the last year has hit the world aviation industry. The rise in oil prices into the low profits in the airline industry this year.

"Over the past decade, we have conducted large-scale efficiencies. In 2001, in order to profit, we expect oil prices below 25 dollars a barrel. But, in fact, now the oil price reached 110 U.S. dollars per barrel. With these conditions , we can only expect a slim advantage, "said IATA Director General and CEO Giovanni Bisignani of IATA's Annual meeting in Singapore on Monday (06/06/2011).

The event was attended by hundreds of CEOs and the perpetrators airlanes a world aviation industry. IATA represents 93 percent of scheduled international flights.

The average price of crude oil in 2011 to 110 U.S. dollars per barrel. This far exceeds previous estimates, which is 96 U.S. dollars. In fact, every dollar increase in oil prices will result in additional operational cost 1.6 billion U.S. dollars in the whole airlanes.

Component of fuel prices is now estimated at 30 percent of total airline operating costs. Or, doubled from the condition in 2001 in which the fuel components accounted for only 13 percent of operating costs

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OPEC Not Add Production, Oil Back U

Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to maintain production levels remain unchanged in the range of 24.84 million barrels per day (bpd) at a meeting Wednesday (08/06/2011) local time in Vienna. The decision was membuay crude oil prices remain high in the global marketplace.
Previously, traders speculated that OPEC will push production to help lower high oil prices. "We regretted not reach a consensus at this time to decrease or increase our production," said OPEC Secretary General Abdullah El-Badri said after the meeting. OPEC, whose 12 member countries, while maintaining the production of 24.84 million bpd quota, established since January 2009.
However, the cartel is actually pumping above that level as compensation to Libya, which are also members of OPEC production declines after the riots in the country since February. A Libyan representative also attended Wednesday's meeting.
Saudi Arabian Oil Minister Ali al-Naimi told a meeting of the worst produced by OPEC member country since split. "We where not able to reach an agreement," said Naimi, who confirmed that the Gulf countries like Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar and United Arab Emirates has proposed increasing production by 1.5 million bpd. Saudi Arabia is the world's largest oil supplier.
"Failure to approve an increase in production risk making the global oil market in danger of shortage of crude oil during periods of strong seasonal demand in the coming half year," said Nic Brown from Natixis.
OPEC, which produces 40 percent of global oil supply, is expected to maintain the current upper limit of the quota until the next meeting in December.
After the decision of OPEC, the price of Brent crude oil went up 1.62 dollars to 118.40 dollars per barrel in London trading and light sweet crude in New York rose 1.75 dollars to 100.84 dollars per barrel.
It is also common in Asian markets on Thursday. Light sweet crude for July delivery climbed back into the position of 101.23 dollars per barrel and Brent North Sea increased 27 cents to 118.12 dollars.
While the International Energy Agency (IEA) throws disappointment with OPEC's decision and urged producers to pump more in order to avoid high oil prices.
OPEC Secretary General El-Badri told reporters that OPEC has the space capacity of between four - 4.5 million barrels per day. The number is lower than that to 6.0 million - 6.5 million brarel per day before the riots in Libya that erupted in February.
Next OPEC meeting scheduled for mid-December in Vienna to discuss oil market situation. "At the end of that period, we can make a proper decision but this decision (to maintain production quotas) is very unfortunate not welcomed by certain members," said El-Badri.
Some OPEC members worried that the oil market will be tight in the coming months - due to seasonal demand peak in summer in the northern hemisphere - will surely push oil prices higher.

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